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Commute Cost Calculator 2026 — Gas, Tolls, Parking & Time
Find your true daily, monthly, and annual commute cost — including fuel, vehicle wear, tolls, parking, and the economic value of your time. Compare job offers and housing locations with real numbers before you decide.
All transportation modes Fuel + wear + tolls + parking Hybrid schedule support Time cost built in Job offer comparison
Enter your one-way commute distance. Use Google Maps or your odometer for door-to-door accuracy. Round-trip is double this figure.
Enter your vehicle MPG and gas price. Find your car's combined MPG at fueleconomy.gov. The national average gas price (April 2026) is approximately $3.30–$3.50/gallon.
Add tolls and parking fees. Enter your daily round-trip total. In metro areas like NYC, Boston, and Dallas, tolls alone can run $8–$20/day. Downtown parking: $25–$50/day.
Set your commute frequency. Enter days per week you physically commute. Hybrid workers should use their actual in-office days — this directly proportions your annual total.
Enter your hourly wage for time cost (recommended). Time is your scarcest resource. Adding your hourly rate reveals the full opportunity cost of your commute and makes job comparisons far more accurate. Use our hourly to salary calculator if needed.
Review your full cost breakdown. Results display as daily, monthly, and annual totals broken into fuel, vehicle costs, tolls/parking, and time — ready to use in job offer and housing decisions.
How Much Does Your Commute Cost? — 2026 Reference Table by Distance
The table below estimates commute cost per day and per year by one-way distance, assuming 30 MPG, $3.40/gallon gas, $0.10/mile for vehicle wear, 5 days/week, and 250 annual commute days. The With Time Cost column adds 30 minutes each way at $25/hour. Tolls and parking are not included — add your local amounts using the commute cost calculator above.
One-Way Distance
Round-Trip
Gas/Day
Wear/Day
Direct Cost/Day
Annual (Direct)
Annual (+ Time Cost)
5 miles
10 mi
$1.13
$1.00
$2.13
$532
$3,032
10 miles
20 mi
$2.27
$2.00
$4.27
$1,067
$4,567
15 miles
30 mi
$3.40
$3.00
$6.40
$1,600
$6,100
20 miles
40 mi
$4.53
$4.00
$8.53
$2,133
$7,633
30 miles(US avg)
60 mi
$6.80
$6.00
$12.80
$3,200
$9,700
40 miles
80 mi
$9.07
$8.00
$17.07
$4,267
$11,767
50 miles
100 mi
$11.33
$10.00
$21.33
$5,333
$13,833
* 30 MPG, $3.40/gal, $0.10/mile wear, 250 commute days/year. Time cost: 30 min each way at $25/hr. Excludes tolls, parking, and transit fares — add these in the calculator above for your true total.
Real-World Commute Cost Examples — 3 U.S. Scenarios (2026)
Detailed cost breakdowns for three realistic commute scenarios — an urban driver in Chicago, a suburban highway commuter in Dallas, and a hybrid worker in Atlanta. All figures are based on 2026 fuel and toll benchmarks.
Short Urban Drive
Chicago, IL
10 mi one-way
Fuel$2.27/day
Vehicle wear$2.00/day
Parking$22.00/day
Tolls$3.00/day
Time (30 min each way)$15.00/day
Total per day$44.27
Total per year$11,068
Parking dominates. Switching to CTA ($132/mo pass) saves ~$6,600/year.
Suburban Highway Drive
Dallas, TX
35 mi one-way
Fuel$9.33/day
Vehicle wear$7.00/day
Parking$0
Tolls$8.00/day
Time (45 min each way)$26.25/day
Total per day$50.58
Total per year$12,644
Tolls + time dominate. $150/mo more in rent closer to office saves ~$9,000/year all-in.
Hybrid Worker (3 days/wk)
Atlanta, GA
25 mi one-way
Fuel$5.00/day
Vehicle wear$5.00/day
Parking$5.00/day
Tolls$4.00/day
Time (40 min each way)$20.00/day
Total per day$39.00
Total per year$5,850
150 commute days/year. Hybrid cuts annual cost ~50% vs 5-day same distance.
When a Higher Salary Isn't Worth the Longer Commute
This is the question that drives most people to a commuting cost calculator. A $7,000 salary increase sounds attractive — but when you account for the additional commute cost, the real picture can be very different.
Scenario: Current job pays $75,000 with a 10-minute commute. New offer pays $82,000 but requires a 45-minute commute each way (30 miles one-way).
Factor
Current Job
New Offer
Difference
Annual salary
$75,000
$82,000
+$7,000
Annual fuel cost
$300
$2,100
−$1,800
Annual vehicle wear
$150
$1,050
−$900
Annual tolls/parking
$0
$1,500
−$1,500
Annual time cost ($35/hr)
$875
$7,875
−$7,000
True net annual gain
—
—
−$4,200
Takeaway: The seemingly attractive offer actually costs you $4,200 more per year in real terms. This is why quantifying commute cost before accepting offers is essential. Use our Salary Negotiation Calculator alongside this tool to see commute-adjusted compensation in a single comparison. Financial planners recommend negotiating a salary increase of at least 1.5× your added annual commute cost to break even after accounting for income taxes on the additional salary.
Commute Cost by Transportation Mode — 2026 Comparison
Your transportation mode is the single biggest lever in your commuting cost. The table below compares cost per mile and estimated monthly cost for the most common U.S. commute modes. Monthly estimates assume a 10-mile one-way commute, 250 days/year.
Mode
Cost per Mile
Est. Monthly
Pros
Cons
Personal Car (30 MPG)
$0.22–$0.25
$220–$650+
Flexible, door-to-door
Highest total cost, parking
Public Transit (Bus/Subway)
$0.03–$0.10
$65–$230
Low direct cost, can work during commute
Fixed schedules, longer trips
Commuter Rail
$0.10–$0.25
$150–$350+
Fast for long distances, comfort
Expensive, station-limited
Rideshare (Uber/Lyft)
$1.50–$3.00
$500–$1,500+
No parking, no driving
Very expensive as primary mode
Carpool (2 people)
$0.11–$0.13
$110–$325
Cuts car costs in half
Schedule coordination
E-Bike / Bicycle
$0.01–$0.03
$10–$30
Near-zero cost, health benefit
Distance/weather limited
Rideshare costs vary significantly by city, time of day, and surge pricing. Monthly estimates for personal car include fuel + wear only — excludes tolls, parking, depreciation.
How Gas Prices Affect Your Annual Commute Cost — 2026
Gas prices fluctuate significantly by region and season. This table shows how your annual fuel cost changes at different price levels for a 40-mile round-trip commute in a 28 MPG vehicle, 250 days/year. The 2026 U.S. national average (April) is marked.
Gas Price/Gallon
Daily Fuel Cost
Monthly Fuel Cost
Annual Fuel Cost
vs. $2.50 Baseline
$2.50/gal
$3.57
$74
$893
—
$3.00/gal
$4.29
$89
$1,071
+$179
$3.40/gal(2026 avg)
$4.86
$101
$1,214
+$321
$3.75/gal
$5.36
$111
$1,339
+$446
$4.00/gal
$5.71
$119
$1,429
+$536
$4.50/gal
$6.43
$134
$1,607
+$714
$5.00/gal
$7.14
$149
$1,786
+$893
Based on 40-mile round-trip, 28 MPG, 250 commute days/year. Find your local gas price at GasBuddy.com.
IRS Commuter Tax Benefits 2025 — Reduce Your Taxable Income
The IRS allows substantial pre-tax commuter benefits under Section 132(f) that can meaningfully reduce your effective commuting cost. Here is exactly what is available in 2025:
Tax savings columns assume single filer in the 22% and 32% federal tax brackets. State income tax savings are additional where applicable.
Benefit Type
2025 Monthly Limit
Annual Maximum
Tax Savings (22%)
Tax Savings (32%)
Transit Pass / Vanpool
$315/month
$3,780
$832
$1,210
Qualified Parking
$315/month
$3,780
$832
$1,210
Combined (transit + parking)
$630/month
$7,560
$1,663
$2,419
Key note: Standard employee commuting to your regular workplace is not deductible as a business expense. The 2025 IRS standard mileage rate of 70 cents/mile applies to business driving only — not commuting. Self-employed individuals and business owners may deduct business-purpose driving. See our Tax Bracket Calculator to understand how pre-tax benefits affect your effective rate.
Return-to-Office Mandate? Calculate the Exact Financial Impact First
Many employers issued return-to-office (RTO) mandates throughout 2024–2025, shifting employees from 2–3 days/week in-office to 4–5 days/week. This policy change carries a direct and quantifiable financial cost for employees that is frequently underestimated or ignored.
For a commuter with a $7,000/year full-time commute cost, moving from 2 to 5 days/week in-office adds approximately $4,200/year in transportation expenses — the equivalent of a meaningful pay cut. This is why using this commute cost calculator for return-to-office policy financial impact is essential before accepting or negotiating an RTO arrangement.
Before accepting an RTO mandate, calculate:
Annual cost at current in-office days vs. proposed new frequency
Whether a salary increase can be negotiated to offset the added commute
Whether flexibility (staggered hours, parking subsidy) can reduce the cost
Net compensation impact by adding commute cost to your current pay comparison
Complete Guide: The True Cost of Commuting in 2026
The True Cost of Commuting — All 8 Cost Categories
Most commuters only think about gas when estimating commuting costs. But fuel typically represents less than 35% of the true cost of commuting by car. A complete commute cost calculation includes eight distinct categories — and missing even two or three of them can leave you underestimating your annual commuting expense by $3,000–$6,000.
Fuel
$0.11–$0.18/mile
Gas price ÷ MPG. Most visible cost but often less than 35% of total.
Vehicle Wear
$0.08–$0.15/mile
Tires, brakes, oil, belts. Every commute mile adds maintenance cost.
Depreciation
$0.06–$0.15/mile
Your car loses value every mile driven. Major for newer vehicles.
Commute hours × hourly wage. Often the single largest cost item.
AAA 2024 Your Driving Costs: The average total cost of owning and operating a new vehicle is $12,182/year($0.61/mile at 20,000 annual miles). Commuting typically accounts for 30–45% of a vehicle's total annual mileage — meaning commuting alone costs the average car owner $3,600–$5,500/year in vehicle-related expenses before adding tolls, parking, or time.
The Commute Cost Formula — How to Calculate Cost of Commute
Here is the complete formula for calculating your annual commute cost — the same logic this calculator uses:
Annual Commute Cost Formula
Daily Direct Cost =
(Round-trip miles × Fuel cost/mile)
+ (Round-trip miles × Wear cost/mile)
+ Daily tolls + Daily parking
Daily Time Cost = Commute hours/day × Hourly wage
Annual Commute Days = (Days/week × 50 working weeks)
Annual Total = (Daily Direct Cost + Daily Time Cost) × Annual Days
Example — 30-mile one-way commute, Chicago driver: 60 miles round-trip × $0.11/mile gas + 60 miles × $0.10/mile wear = $12.60/day in vehicle costs. Add $22 parking + $3 tolls = $37.60/day direct cost. Add time cost: 60 min each way = 2 hrs × $30/hr = $60/day. Total: $97.60/day × 250 days = $24,400/year. This is why downtown Chicago commuters frequently find that their car commute costs more annually than their rent.
For fuel cost per mile specifically: divide your current gas price by your MPG. At $3.40/gallon and 30 MPG, fuel costs $0.113/mile. At $4.00/gallon and 25 MPG, fuel costs $0.160/mile. Add $0.08–$0.12/mile for maintenance to get total vehicle operating cost per mile.
How to Compare Job Offers Using Commute Cost
Commute cost is a critical variable in evaluating any job offer — yet it is systematically ignored by most job seekers. Here is the correct framework:
1
Step 1: Calculate annual commute cost for each offer: Enter the commute details for each job into this calculator. Get the annual total including time cost for each scenario.
2
Step 2: Subtract commute cost from gross salary: Commute-adjusted salary = Gross salary − Annual commute cost. This is your effective compensation net of transportation burden.
3
Step 3: Account for taxes on the salary difference: An additional $5,000 salary at a 22% marginal rate nets only $3,900. A $5,000 commute cost reduction is worth the full $5,000. The commute savings are not taxed; the salary is.
4
Step 4: Check whether to negotiate a transportation stipend: If Job B requires a significantly longer commute, the added cost is quantified and can be used as a specific negotiating point. "My added annual commute cost is $3,800 — I would need $5,700 in additional salary to break even after taxes."
Use our Salary Negotiation Calculator alongside commute cost results to see commute-adjusted compensation for multiple offers in a single view. Financial planners recommend requiring a salary increase of at least 1.5× the added annual commute cost to break even after taxes.
Using Commute Cost in Housing and Relocation Decisions
One of the most powerful uses of a commute cost calculatoris optimizing housing location. The conventional question — "can I afford this apartment?" — is incomplete without knowing the transportation cost of living there.
Apartment A — Close to Work
Monthly rent$1,800
Distance from work5 miles
Monthly commute cost$89
Total monthly housing+transport$1,889
Apartment B — Farther, Cheaper Rent
Monthly rent$1,400
Distance from work25 miles
Monthly commute cost$395
Total monthly housing+transport$1,795
In this example, Apartment B saves only $94/monthin total — not the headline $400/month rent savings. And that's before adding the time cost of a 40-mile longer daily round trip (roughly +$500/month at $25/hr). On a full cost basis, Apartment A is dramatically cheaper.
Hybrid work has become one of the most financially significant workplace arrangements for American employees — and its financial impact is directly proportional to commute cost.
Full remote (0 days/week)0 commute days/year100% savings vs in-office$7,000/year commute cost → $0
1 day/week in-office~50 commute days/year80% savings vs 5-day$7,000/year → $1,400/year
2 days/week in-office~100 commute days/year60% savings vs 5-day$7,000/year → $2,800/year
3 days/week in-office~150 commute days/year40% savings vs 5-day$7,000/year → $4,200/year
4 days/week in-office~200 commute days/year20% savings vs 5-day$7,000/year → $5,600/year
When evaluating job offers, a role offering 3 remote days/week at the same salary as a 5-day in-office role is worth $2,800–$6,000 more per year in real compensation for the average commuter. This is a concrete, quantifiable benefit that should always be included in compensation comparisons.
12 Proven Ways to Reduce Your Commute Costs in 2026
1
Negotiate remote or hybrid work days. Even 1 additional remote day per week saves 20% of annual commute cost. For a $6,000/year commute, that's $1,200 back per WFH day. The most financially impactful option available.
2
Switch to public transit where practical. Monthly transit passes ($65–$230) are almost always cheaper than driving once parking is included. In major cities, transit is 3–10× cheaper per mile than driving.
3
Maximize pre-tax commuter benefits. IRS Section 132(f) allows up to $315/month pre-tax for transit and $315/month for parking in 2025. At 22% federal tax bracket, maxing both saves $1,663/year in taxes.
4
Carpool or vanpool. Splitting fuel and toll costs with just one other person cuts variable costs in half. Many employers and cities have carpool-matching programs. Some HOV lanes reduce toll costs for carpoolers.
5
Upgrade to a higher-MPG or hybrid vehicle. Going from 25 MPG to 40 MPG on a 40-mile daily commute saves about $680/year at $3.40/gallon. EVs cut per-mile fuel costs by 60–75% vs. gasoline vehicles.
6
Move closer to work. Every 5 miles reduced from your one-way commute saves $500–$1,000/year in direct costs plus meaningful time recovery. Use our apartment affordability calculator to find the breakeven rent.
7
Stagger hours to avoid peak tolls and traffic. Many toll roads use dynamic pricing that rises significantly during peak hours (7–9 AM, 4–7 PM). Shifting hours by 30–60 minutes can reduce toll costs by 30–50% on dynamic toll roads.
8
Use a rewards card for gas and transit. Cards offering 3–5% back on gas and transit return $100–$300/year on typical commuting spending at no extra cost. Some cards also offer statement credits for transit.
9
Maintain your vehicle properly. Properly inflated tires improve fuel economy by up to 3%. Regular oil changes, air filters, and spark plugs prevent costly repairs that dramatically increase per-mile cost.
10
Bike or e-bike for short commutes. E-bikes cost $0.01–$0.03/mile in electricity. For commutes under 8 miles in favorable weather, e-biking can eliminate transportation costs almost entirely while providing health benefits.
11
Negotiate a transportation stipend. If an unusual office location or RTO mandate significantly increases your commute, this is a legitimate negotiating point. Quantify the exact annual added cost with this calculator before the conversation.
12
Track actual vs. estimated commute costs monthly. Use a mileage tracking app to monitor real spending vs. your calculator estimates. As gas prices fluctuate, update your budget. Small savings actions compound significantly over a career.
Why Commute Time Is Your Biggest Hidden Cost
Most commute cost calculators focus exclusively on transportation expenses and ignore time entirely. This is a major analytical error — especially when comparing job offers or housing locations.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2023 American Community Survey, the average one-way commute time in the United States is 27.6 minutes. That is 55+ minutes per day, or approximately 230 hours per year — nearly six full 40-hour workweeks spent commuting. At a modest $25/hour value of time, that is $5,750/year in opportunity cost. At $40/hour (common for professionals), it is $9,200/year.
Research from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and multiple longitudinal studies finds that long commutes are strongly associated with lower life satisfaction, elevated cortisol levels, poorer sleep quality, reduced exercise time, and increased cardiovascular disease risk. The financial cost is only part of the picture.
For commute comparison purposes, we recommend using your current hourly wage or a floor of $25/hour when valuing time — whichever is higher. This represents a conservative estimate of the value of an hour of your life. Entering this in the calculator above transforms the output from a transportation calculator into a true total cost of commuting calculator that captures the full economic and personal cost of your daily commute.
10 Smart Commuting Decisions for 2026
Calculate commute cost before accepting any job offer. Never accept an offer without quantifying the commute cost differential. Use this calculator for both jobs, then compare net compensation. A $5,000 raise can easily be consumed by a longer commute.
Include time cost in every commute calculation. Time is irreplaceable. A 45-minute commute each way is 7.5 hours/week of your life. At any reasonable hourly value, this is worth thousands of dollars per year. Factor it in.
Get a parking cost quote before signing any lease. Parking costs can vary from $0 (suburban free lot) to $500+/month (downtown garage). Discover this before committing to a job or apartment — it can make or break a budget.
Check local transit options before assuming you need a car. In many mid-size to large U.S. cities, a transit pass + occasional rideshare is dramatically cheaper than car ownership for commuters who live near a rail or bus corridor.
Recalculate your commute cost every 6 months. Gas prices, toll rates, parking fees, and your pay rate all change. A commute that cost $4,800/year two years ago may cost $6,200 today. Regular recalculation keeps your budget accurate.
Know the pre-tax benefit limits before open enrollment. Most employees leave commuter FSA benefits on the table simply by not knowing they exist. Confirm your employer's Section 132(f) limits every year during open enrollment.
Use your commute time productively if you take transit. Transit commuters can work, learn, or rest during their commute — reducing the true time cost significantly. A 45-minute train commute used for work is effectively a much lower time cost than a 45-minute drive.
Consider an EV or hybrid if your commute exceeds 25 miles/day. At 25+ miles/day, fuel savings from a hybrid or EV begin to materially reduce annual commute cost. Calculate the payback period on the premium using saved fuel costs.
Account for commute in relocation financial planning. When moving cities for a job, the new city's commute infrastructure can add or save thousands per year vs. your current situation. Include commute cost in every relocation budget model.
Use commute cost data in performance reviews and salary negotiations. If your employer relocates your office or issues an RTO mandate, the added commute cost is a quantified, documented reason to request a salary adjustment. Enter both scenarios in this calculator and bring the numbers to the conversation.
About This Calculator & Content
This commute cost calculator and guide were built by the financial tools team at USA Salary Tools using AAA's 2024 Your Driving Costs study, U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey commute time data, IRS 2025 standard mileage rate guidance (70 cents/mile for business), IRS Section 132(f) commuter benefit limits ($315/month for transit and parking in 2025), and 2026 national average fuel price data. All calculations are for educational and informational purposes only and do not constitute financial, tax, or legal advice. Consult a qualified advisor for personalized guidance. Last updated: April 2026.
Multiply your round-trip daily miles by your cost-per-mile (fuel + wear, typically $0.18–$0.25/mile), then add daily tolls and parking fees. Multiply by annual commute days (days/week × 50 weeks). Optionally add time cost (commute hours/day × hourly wage × annual days). Example: 40 miles × $0.22 + $6 tolls + $8 parking = $22.80/day × 250 days = $5,700/year in direct costs.
The average American full-time commuter spends $2,000–$5,000/year in direct transportation costs. Including vehicle depreciation, time cost, and all ancillary expenses, the true annual cost of commuting is often $6,000–$12,000 for a 5-day in-office worker. AAA's 2024 driving costs study found average total vehicle ownership costs of $12,182/year.
Divide your round-trip commute miles by your car's MPG to get gallons per day, then multiply by gas price. Example: 50-mile round trip ÷ 28 MPG = 1.79 gallons × $3.40/gallon = $6.07/day × 250 days = $1,517/year. Always add vehicle wear ($0.08–$0.12/mile) to gas cost for your true vehicle operating cost.
Yes — absolutely, and it is often the single largest cost. Time is your scarcest resource. At $25/hour, a 45-minute round-trip commute costs $18.75/day or $4,688/year in opportunity cost. Including time makes job offer and housing comparisons dramatically more accurate. The Census Bureau reports the average U.S. one-way commute is 27.6 minutes — nearly 230 hours/year.
No, standard employee commuting is not tax-deductible under IRS rules. However, employers can provide up to $315/month in pre-tax transit/vanpool and $315/month in parking under IRS Section 132(f) in 2025 — up to $7,560/year tax-free. The 2025 IRS business mileage rate is 70 cents/mile but applies to business driving, not commuting.
A 30-mile one-way (60-mile round-trip) commute in a 30 MPG vehicle at $3.40/gallon costs about $6.80/day in gas plus $6/day in wear = $12.80/day in vehicle costs. With $5 tolls and $5 parking, direct cost reaches $22.80/day or $5,700/year at 250 days. Including time cost at $25/hr (40 min each way), the true annual total is approximately $11,000–$12,000.
Directly and proportionally. Every in-office day you eliminate saves the daily commute cost. A 3-day hybrid worker commutes 40% fewer days than a 5-day employee, reducing annual commute costs by 40%. For a $7,000/year commute, hybrid at 3 days/week saves $2,800/year — equivalent to a raise in after-tax financial impact.
An RTO mandate that increases in-office days from 2 to 5 days/week adds 3 commute days/week — a 150% increase in commute frequency. For an average $7,000/year full-commute worker, going from 2 to 5 days adds approximately $4,200/year in transportation costs. Use this calculator to quantify the exact impact before negotiating or accepting the change.
Calculate annual commute cost for each job using this calculator. Subtract the commute cost from each job's gross salary to get commute-adjusted compensation. Remember that salary increases are taxed while commute cost savings are not — so a $4,000 commute saving is worth more than a $4,000 salary increase at any marginal tax rate above zero.
Parking is often the largest single commuting expense for urban workers. Downtown parking ranges from $10/day (budget lots in mid-size cities) to $50–$60/day (premium garages in NYC, SF, Boston, Seattle). At $25/day, annual parking cost alone reaches $6,250/year. Free employer parking is equivalent to a $6,000–$15,000 benefit depending on your market.
Under IRS Section 132(f), your employer can provide up to $315/month ($3,780/year) in pre-tax transit/vanpool passes and $315/month ($3,780/year) in pre-tax qualified parking in 2025. At a 22% tax bracket, maxing both saves $1,663/year in federal taxes alone — plus state income tax savings where applicable. Ask HR during open enrollment.
Public transit is almost always cheaper in direct dollar cost once parking is included. A monthly transit pass ($65–$230) vs. daily parking ($10–$50/day) makes the math clear in most major cities. However, driving can be competitive if parking is free and your commute involves multiple legs or locations where transit is impractical. Use this calculator to compare modes.
Quick formula: (Round-trip miles × $0.22) + daily tolls + daily parking = daily direct cost. Multiply by annual commute days (5 days × 50 weeks = 250 days for full-time). For time cost: add (commute hours per day × hourly wage × annual days). Or enter these numbers in the commute cost calculator above for an instant breakdown.
Each $0.50 increase in gas price adds approximately $0.017/mile in fuel cost. On a 40-mile round-trip commute at 28 MPG, a $0.50 gas price increase adds about $107/year in fuel cost. Improving MPG is more impactful over time — going from 25 MPG to 35 MPG saves more than $350/year at $3.40/gallon on the same commute.
Yes — it is one of the most important uses. Before choosing between apartments or neighborhoods, calculate the annual commute cost for each location. A $300/month rent saving can easily be offset by $250–$400/month in added transportation cost for commuters with longer distances. Always compare total housing + transportation cost, not rent alone.